The Theory of Object Relations - 4032 Words

OTTO KERNBERG THE THEORY OF OBJECT RELATIONS Kernberg generally defines object relations theory as the psychoanalytic study of intrapersonal relations and how intrapsychic structures grow from internalized past relationships with others. Broadly, object relations theory could refer to a general theory of the structures of the mind influenced by interpersonal experiences. More narrowly, object relations theory is a more circumspect approach within psychoanalysis, stressing the construction of structures from internal objects – that is, self-representations linked with object-representations. I. STRUCTURE: Object An Object is a mental image of a person, a mental image colored with feelings. Kernberg’s work examines the†¦show more content†¦The ego organizing at this stage results in a consolidation of ego structures so that the child has a sense of the continuity of the self, the self being the self-image that is organized from introjections and identifications. At this stage, internalized object relations, according to Kernberg, are also organized into the representational world, which internally represents the external world. Identity formation means that early primitive identifications are replaced overtime by selective identifications in which only those aspects of the object relation that are in harmony with individual identity formation are internalized. These partial identification are of people who are loved and admired in a realistic way. III. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES Kernberg believes that internal object relations develop into structures of id, ego and superego. Kernberg also views structure formation as a series of developmental stages. Failures in normal development can result in various forms of mental illness or psychopathology. Stage 1 The earliest stage of development covers the first month of life. Very little occurs during this period that influences the building up of personality structures. Then begins the gradual formation of undifferentiated self-representations and object-representations. Undifferentiated means that the self-representations and object-representations are fused withShow MoreRelatedAspects Of Object Relations Theory Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesto be examining all aspects of Object-Relations Theory. I am also going to be explaining the shortcomings of this theory. Presenting evidence that proves this theory to be strong and relevant to adolescent development into adulthood. Object Relations Theory is a theory that was developed from a therapist client relationship this theory examines the interpersonal relationships that you have and how they shape you into an adult thinker. (Scharff, D.E. 1992). This theory reflects the care that the motherRead MoreObject Relations Theory : A Theory Of Relationships1310 Words   |  6 PagesObject Relations Two Major Assumptions: Object relations theory is a theory of relationships between people particularly within a family believing that humans have a need to connect with others. More so, expressing a belief that we are driven to form relationships with others and that failure to do so successfully leads to later problems. This theory has deepened our understanding of humans and their relationships, as well as transformed social policies for example children are placed in foster homesRead MoreObject Relations Theory Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesOBJECT RELATIONS THEORIES AND SELF PSYCHOLOGY Object Relations and Self Psychology Object relations refers to interpersonal relations 2. Object refers to that which will satisfy a need. Significant person or thing that is target of anothers feelings (drives). 3. In combination with relations, object refers to interpersonal relations and suggests inner residues of past relations shaping present relations 4. Object relations theorists investigate the early formulation and differentiationRead MoreObject Relations Theory Is A Psychodynamic Theory759 Words   |  4 PagesObject Relations Theory Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory that observes our capability to form long-lasting attachments, and is based on our early experiences of disconnection from and connections with out primary caregivers. We internalize our initial relationship examples, which means that our first relationships make lasting impressions on us, determining how we approach future relationships. Also, object relations theory studies how people form various attitudes towards othersRead MoreObject Relations Theory From Walsh1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the Object Relations Theory would best apply to this client and his family. An outline of Object Relations Theory from Walsh (2013) includes its focus, origins social context, nature of the individual, and intervention goals techniques. The focus of this theory is on interpersonal relationship patterns, its origins and social context including studies of early childhood deprivation, the effects it has and an interest in the role of early relationships, also known as attachment theory. The natureRead MorePsychological Theories, Freudian, Object Relational, And The Main Components Of Attachment And Object Relations Theory1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, the author will delineate the following developmental theories, Freudian, Object Relational, and the main components found in Attachment. The main theorists that will be addressed include, Sigmund Freud, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and some work of Melanie Klein. The author will provide a detailed explanation on attachment and object relations theory and how it can be incorporated with a client who is suffering from Anorexia Nervosa and how the impact of development correlates withRead MoreComparing Fairbairn s Motivation Behind His Departure From Freud s Structural Model And Development Of Object Relation s Theory3943 Words   |  16 Pagesnd contrast Fairbairn’s motivation behind his departure from Freud’s structural model and development of object relation’s theory Introduction It is widely accepted that Sigmund Freud coined the term Psychoanalysis. Within this he derived a number of models over the period of his life to explain how the psyche operates and from where trauma originates, which subsequently led to the development of psychoanalysis. Ronald Fairbairn was a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh teaching medicineRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Counseling1051 Words   |  5 PagesTheories in counseling gives future counselors the overall view of theories and why they are important. Theories serve as a guide for counselors and give justification for treatment given. A lack of theory would make it hard for a counselor to connect with their client and know what methods to use for a specific client. Theories sets the tone of how a counselor can affect change in their client’s life. As a school counselor you would be dealing with children with different types personalities andRead MorePsychodynamic Theory1560 Words   |  7 PagesPsychodynamic Theory Debate Janice Birdsong, Melissa Johnston, and Helene Torres Psy/405 November 10, 2014 Instructor Krasner Psychodynamic Theory Debate Jung and Klein, I think for the purpose of this debate we get a quick description of your theories. Klein, let us start with you. In my theory of object relation, we focus on the importance of the mother child relationship. My theory was built on my interpretations of childhood during the first four to six months where most children beginRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Geological And Biological Science1690 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"pre-formed† by an intelligent power, and are created as fixed variations on a common theme. This also required the de novo production of animals, conveniently accounted for in the Biblical creation story, and not surprisingly absent from nature. This theory of how the flora and fauna of the Earth came to be was supported in the geological science of the time, which argued for catastrophism- the idea that the present shape of the Earth is relatively fixed, and that the surface of the Earth has gone through

Cappies Reviews For Up The Down Staircase Free Essays

A young, ambitious teacher nurtures the hope of changing the lives of high schoolers by awakening their love in classic literature; however, her innocence causes her to underestimate the rowdiness of her students. Laguna Hill’s production of Up the Down Staircase is a heartwarming play that shows the growing bond between a teacher and her students. This play was made into a film in 1967. We will write a custom essay sample on Cappies Reviews For Up The Down Staircase or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sylvia Barrett is a caring young lady who becomes a teacher in a big city in the hopes of becoming â€Å"friends† with her students. Eventually, she decides to leave the school because she thinks she isn’t making of school. With her head bowed, and her hands quietly laid behind her back, Sylvia shuffles into her homeroom, gazing out at the daunting space as if it were filled with poisonous snakes. It is from this weak, almost pathetic child that Sylvia grows alongside her unruly students. As they, the â€Å"mob† turn from curious agitation to open hostility towards their oppressive English overlord, so too does Sylvia’s innocent nature become calloused with anger and frustration. It is in the wake of Alice Blake’s (Megan Crayne Beall) accident, the young girl, who’s love struck mind still had time to do the homework Ms. Sylvia assigned her, that the entire class comes together. The student’s desks, at first turned away from not only the audience, but also Sylvia, slowly turned to face her, symbolizing not only acceptance, but also a powerful unity created not by discipline or fear, but by love and respect. Sylvia’s cold-hearted nature melts away and is replaced by confidence and compassion. No longer does she stay rooted to the front of the class, allowing anger and resentment to grow within her, but she moves about, concern for the future of her students written on every expression, and detailed in all her staging. Laguna Hills’ â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is a captivating story of one woman’s compassion triumphing over the ignorance of society. With high energy and phenomenal stage chemistry, the entire cast puts on a show to remember. How to cite Cappies Reviews For Up The Down Staircase, Papers

Business Social Research Methods

Question: Required to produce a written submission demonstrating the skills involved in the process of defining, developing, conducting and reporting a research project and creating a research proposal? Proposal will include areas such as a title page, contents page, an introduction to the topic of interest, a mini literature review, a research question /sub questions drawn from the literature review, a choice of method/s and a timeline of work and limitations? Answer: Literature Review Loan in football refers to the specific arrangement in which case a particular player is permitted to play temporarily for a club apart from the club the player is having a contract. Earlier, loan system was not frequent, but now the trend has changed (Carlisle, 2011). Liverpool has ten, Chelsa has twenty six and Arsenal has nineteen players out on loan. Loan deals may be short term as well as long term and players are loaned by other clubs die to various reason (DELANEY, 2014). It has been observed that generally, young footballers are loaned to a club in the lower leagues for gaining first team experience (Gibson, 2014). In this period, the parent club is accountable for paying the salary to the loaned player. Generally, a club chooses to loan a player when they encounter shortage in the transfer fund (Lawrence, 2014). Additionally, it has been observed that clubs take loan in order to cover suspensions and injuries of the regular players. It has been observed that the football pla yers are loaned as they are not happy or having some dispute with their current club (Simmons, 2007). It is evident that loan system significantly helps the recipient club to get a player employed as well as trained by a big club. It is considered to be a major advantage for the club availing the loan system. It has been observed that most of the big clubs take the cream of the young talented footballers for filling their academies. Short term loans have some issues. A club can loan footballer for one or two months and they do not need to make significant contribution to his wages and therefore it can achieve an unfair advantage over their rivals (Rayner, 2013). The smaller clubs or the recipient clubs identify the suspensions s well as injuries which indicate the need for strengthening their team and they do not need to commit any finances for the transaction. In this manner, the recipient club gains unfair benefits over their competitors who do not have the same squad restrictions (Williams, 2011). Loan system has significant implication for the parent club. When a club does not want to sell or transfer a player, it chooses to send the footballer out on loan so that the young footballer can get his regular football. This ensures that the value of the player is maintained. When a footballer is playing in reserve he does not get thee exposure which is gained while he is playing at the lower level (Jurejko, 2015). The footballer gets a chance to appear in the lower division that gives an opportunity to play in front of the large crowd. This was not possible if the footballer was only engaged in playing the reserve football (SHERGOLD, 2013). Additionally, it has been found that this is a test of the attitude of the footballers. It helps in testing his potential to consider this and opportunity and to utilize it. If the young footballer can perform well in those matches, the employer or the parent club would continue the contract with him. It is important for the young players to ex perience the league football. Research Aims and Objectives Research aims and objectives of this study are listed below: To analyze the concept of loan moves for young elite footballers. To assess the importance as well as effectiveness of the loan system in football. Research Question Addressing the research questions significantly helps in achieving the research objectives. The research questions of this study are given below: What are the implications of loan system for the parent club and recipient club? What is the effectiveness and importance of loan move for the young elite footballers? Research Methodology Research methodology is an indispensable aspect of research proposal and success of the research is significantly reliant upon the research methodology. It is a comprehensive approach that helps in providing clear understanding of several components of the research study (Jha, 2008). The research methodology focus on designing a research methodology that is appropriate for achieving the research aims of objectives (Adams, 2007). As it is crucial for the success of the, the researcher must be careful in determining the path of the research for the specific study. This section will illustrate the approach and design of the research along with the technique for collecting different types of data. Research Opinion Research onion is referred as the metaphor that illustrates distinct elements of a particular research study. It is a systematic approach that identifies all the essential components for addressing the research problems. The research onion has been conceptualized for elucidating various phases that is essential to undertake as each of the steps has a specific implications. Hence, the researcher needs to set off the procedure of exploration from the outer most layer of the conceptual replica. In this manner, each layer of the research onion will be addressed for reaching a firm conclusion. This conceptual replica of the research methodology is accountable for making significant contribution that structures various activities and developing effective strategies so that the research study can be guided to the right direction (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Research Philosophy The first or the outer most layer of the research onion is termed as research philosophy which is associated with a set of idea or belief related to the type of thee environment. This layer is majorly responsible for justifying how the research study will be conducted. As this is the first layer, other activities and approach of the research studies are found to be significantly reliant upon the research philosophy. Two common philosophies are positivism and constructism (Walliman, 2006). This paper aims to analyze the importance as well as effectiveness of loan moves in case of the young footballers. Hence, positivism philosophy will be suitable in conducting the study in the desired direction. Research Approach Research approach is one of the most important and the second layer of the research onion. It plays a major role in determining the research pathway along with various activities of the research in order to achieve its objective. Generally researchers use either inductive or deductive approach for the exploration study. In case of inductive approach, the researcher needs to move from a specific approach in order to draw a generalized conclusion (Supino and Borer, 2012). In this case, theoretical evidences are not fund and it helps in development of a new theory on the basis of observation. In contrast, deductive approach generally focuses on development of the study on the basis of existing research study. It has been observed that positivist philosophy encourages adopting deductive approach (Welman et al., 2005). In this case, statistical and analytical tools will be utilized for analysis of the gathered information. Therefore, in this study, deductive approach is appropriate. Research Design Research design is the third layer that is accountable for determining the pathway of the study and ensuring the right direction of the paper. This research study has emphasized on analyzing the importance of the loan move for the young football players. There are three common types of research designs: descriptive explanatory and exploratory (Adams, 2007). In this paper, descriptive design has been found to be suitable for the objectives of this research study. Descriptive study assists in making significant contribution in order to analyze the outcomes of the research study by addressing the predetermined research questions. Thus, descriptive approach can satisfy the principle requirements of this study and it must be chosen (Bryman, 2008). Data Collection Method The results of the research are dependent on the collected data. The results of the study are also reliant upon the information gathered by the researcher. Hence, it is very important to collect data carefully so that those are reliable as well as relevant. This research study will require two types of data primary and secondary (Walliman, 2006). Primary Data Collection Method Primary data can be collected by conducting surveys, interviews etc. These data are directly collected by questioning the respondents so that they can express their views regarding that topic. In this study, the football club authorities and the young football players must be interviewed. It must be noted that the club authorities and football players must voluntarily take part in the interview. A set of open ended questions must be prepared (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Secondary Data Collection Method Secondary data refers to the available information relevant to the topic. Theoretical frameworks, research findings of studies etc are included within the secondary data. In this study secondary data will be collected from trusted resources such as peer reviewed journal articles, trusted websites and newspaper articles (Supino and Borer, 2012). Analysis of Data The gathered data will be analyzed with the aid of various analytical tools. It is evident that the study will gather qualitative data and hence, qualitative data analysis will be helpful in analyzing the primary as well as secondary data. This technique will help in achieving the firm conclusion (Morse, 2009). Gantt Chart/ Timeline Gantt Chart helps in providing an overview of all the activities along with the time taken for completion of each task. It is a systematic presentation of the research activities that needs to be conducted within the stated time period in order to complete the study within the stipulated time. Principal Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Selection of research topic and analysis of research scope Identification of secondary data sources Literature Review Description of Research Methodology Preparation of survey questions Collection of primary data Data analysis Comparison of findings Conclusion and recommendation Final submission Limitations of the Study This research study has few limitations and those are listed below: It is evident that the time period allocated for conducting study is inadequate and time constraint has reduced the scope of the study. This paper has only considered the club authorities and the young football players for gathering relevant information. Other people engaged with football and its administration may have a different perspective that is not considered in this paper. In this study the data collection mechanism has been administrated by the researcher and it may lead to social biasness. References Adams, J. (2007).Research methods for graduate business and social science students. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Bryman, A. (2008).Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carlisle, J. (2011).Carlisle: The weird world of being on loan. [online] ESPN.com. Available at: https://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/columnist/carlisle_jeff/id/6932906/the-weird-world-being-loan-soccer-jeff-carlisle [Accessed 13 May 2015]. DELANEY, M. (2014).Arsenal manager Arsne Wenger slams player loan system. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/arsenal-manager-arsne-wenger-slams-player-loan-system-9241211.html [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Gibson, O. (2014).Madness of Premier League loan game. [online] BBC Sport. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29280337 [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Jha, N. (2008).Research methodology. Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications. Jurejko, J. (2015).England gets emergency loan reprieve. [online] BBC Sport. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/31992432 [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Lawrence, A. (2014).Madness of Premier League loan game. [online] BBC Sport. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29280337 [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Morse, J. (2009). Mixing Qualitative Methods.Qualitative Health Research, 19(11), pp.1523-1524. Rayner, S. (2013).The Agenda: Loan system is damaging Premier League football. [online] journallive. Available at: https://www.thejournal.co.uk/sport/sport-opinion/agenda-loan-system-damaging-premier-6193862 [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2007).Research methods for business students. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. SHERGOLD, A. (2013).Thought all the transfer wheeling and dealing had ended? Think again... the Emergency Loan Window has opened!. [online] Mail Online. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2274879/Football-League-loan-window-explained.html [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Simmons, R. (2007). OVERPAID ATHLETES? COMPARING AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN FOOTBALL.WorkingUSA, 10(4), pp.457-471. Supino, P. and Borer, J. (2012).Principles of research methodology. New York, NY: Springer. Walliman, N. (2006).Social research methods. London: SAGE. Welman, C., Kruger, F., Mitchell, B. and Huysamen, G. (2005).Research methodology. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Williams, R. (2011).Football's short-team loan system is in dire need of reformation | Richard Williams. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/feb/22/football-loans-richard-williams [Accessed 13 May 2015].

The glass managerie Essay Example For Students

The glass managerie Essay A Dysfunctional Family Families are supposed to be there for each other and what have you. The families of today are more or less normal, but in the book The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams the Wingfield family is very dysfunctional. What makes this family dysfunctional are the members of it, such as Amanda, Tom, and Laura. Amanda was a very talkative mother. Amanda Wingfield was how the book called her, A little woman of great but confused vitality clinging frantically to another time and place. (p. 5). This is very true on top of that Amanda was loquacious and always bragging about how many gentleman callers she had. By doing this Amanda made her daughter Laura feel bad. An example of such is One Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain- your mother received seventeen gentleman callers! Why, sometimes there werent chairs enough to accommodate them all. ( i, p. 26). Tom on the other hand took care of his family. We will write a custom essay on The glass managerie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tom Wingfield was the man of the house because his father had fallen in love with long distance and he was caring for the girls. When Amanda gets in the way or tries to make things even more difficult for Tom he decides to go out to the movies or rather drinking. Tom finally flipped at Amanda one day and told her how he felt about her and the warehouse. He said, You think Im in love with the Continental Shoemakers? You think I want to spend fifty-five years down there in that celotex interior! With fluorescent tubes! Look! Id rather somebody picked up a crowbar and battered out my brains than go back mornings! I go! Every time you come in yelling that Goddamn Rise and Shine! Rise and Shine! I say to myself How lucky dead people are! But I get up. I go! ( iii, p. 41). Laura cant really handle all that much. Laura Wingfield is Amandas daughter. She is a very shy girl who does not take a well to meeting new people. Lauras problem is she has A childhood illness that has left her crippled, one leg slightly shorter than the other, and held in a brace. (p. 5). Laura was attending Rubicams Business College. Her mother had went to the business college to see how Laura was doing and to her surprise the teacher had told Amanda, Laura was not attending anymore. She told her mother she had gotten sick in front of all her classmates and couldnt go back so shes been All sorts of places mostly in the park. ( ii, p. 32). The Wingfield family just doesnt seem normal. In conclusion, the Wingfield family is very dysfunctional in many ways. Each person in that family makes it that way too. Amanda still living in the past, Tom always going to the movies, and Laura being crippled and shy. Some things can be dealt with and some things cant. Everyone has their problems and the Wingfields are just more open about it. Words/ Pages : 545 / 24

Using Discursive Essay Sample Questions

Using Discursive Essay Sample QuestionsAn essay sample question is something that can be used in many different ways. You could use it to solve a research question. Or you could use it to prepare for an interview.When you are preparing for an interview, the essay sample question is an excellent way to make sure that you are writing an essay on the topic. If you're on a high-profile job, it's even more important to be able to present your strengths and weaknesses. The essay sample question can really help you prepare for this.In an analytical essay, it's important to have the details ready, as there will be many different parts to the article. Some of these things might include a bibliography, a summary, and the index. These all require preparation.This sort of prep work could benefit a potential employer in many ways. For example, if you get a chance to use the essay sample question to actually write a job application or resume, you could spend several minutes making sure that you di dn't miss anything and get the information on paper. If you get nervous, that brief moment in time can go a long way towards preventing future stress and failure.Another use for the essay sample question is in writing a thesis. You'll know that you're finishing the actual essay, when you've included all the sections you need. A good use for a discursive essay sample question is to just practice writing a decent one. It may seem like a lot of work at first, but eventually you'll start to find that it's not that hard to write.Once you've learned how to use the essay sample question, you can then use it in the future. For example, if you get asked to write an essay about your experiences during a conference. Now you can find that essay samples such as this one can really be of great help.Using the essay sample question as a preparation for other types of essays also helps you to be prepared for interviews, as well. In order to get a good interview, you'll need to be sure that you've do ne your research and that you know what questions they want to ask you.

Free Essays on Lockes Influence On Nietzche

In On the Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche uses history, etymology, and reason to attempt to explicate the origins of human social interaction. Nietzsche’s style is speculative (as all philosophy is), yet extremely convincing and challenging. Instead of merely projecting current behavior onto the past, as English psychologists in Nietzsche’s time did, he attempts to form his genealogy from the beginning of human morals, and project it onto the present. For example, in the first essay of the Genealogy, â€Å"’Good and Evil’, ‘Good and Bad’†, Nietzsche claims that the world’s current moral state is due to a massive â€Å"slave revolt† against hedonistic nobles. His grand vision of a war of morality seems almost Biblical- not entirely historically accurate, but metaphorically and broadly applicable to society. In the second essay of the Genealogy, â€Å"’Guilt’, ‘Bad Conscience’, and the Like’†, Nietzsche begins by talking about basic human characteristics, and rationally builds up to an explanation of humans’ internal conflicts. Part of this essay, as stated by its title, contains Nietzsche’s hypothesis on the origin of Guilt. Nietzsche, at the beginning of the second essay, refers to humans primitively, calling them â€Å"animals† with â€Å"the right to make promises†. (Genealogy, Second Essay, Section 1) The perspective of his account is mostly third person, taking the reader through nature’s development of the human animal. He talks about how memory and forgetfulness are both active, and related to human will. Memory is a person’s desire to make sense of his or her past, or construct a â€Å"long chain of the will†. (Genealogy, Second Essay, Section 1) According to Nietzsche, evolution caused humans to yield memory from their will. Since people have the need to understand their past in a chronological way, they also want to predict and give structure to the future- the clichà © phras... Free Essays on Locke's Influence On Nietzche Free Essays on Locke's Influence On Nietzche In On the Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche uses history, etymology, and reason to attempt to explicate the origins of human social interaction. Nietzsche’s style is speculative (as all philosophy is), yet extremely convincing and challenging. Instead of merely projecting current behavior onto the past, as English psychologists in Nietzsche’s time did, he attempts to form his genealogy from the beginning of human morals, and project it onto the present. For example, in the first essay of the Genealogy, â€Å"’Good and Evil’, ‘Good and Bad’†, Nietzsche claims that the world’s current moral state is due to a massive â€Å"slave revolt† against hedonistic nobles. His grand vision of a war of morality seems almost Biblical- not entirely historically accurate, but metaphorically and broadly applicable to society. In the second essay of the Genealogy, â€Å"’Guilt’, ‘Bad Conscience’, and the Like’†, Nietzsche begins by talking about basic human characteristics, and rationally builds up to an explanation of humans’ internal conflicts. Part of this essay, as stated by its title, contains Nietzsche’s hypothesis on the origin of Guilt. Nietzsche, at the beginning of the second essay, refers to humans primitively, calling them â€Å"animals† with â€Å"the right to make promises†. (Genealogy, Second Essay, Section 1) The perspective of his account is mostly third person, taking the reader through nature’s development of the human animal. He talks about how memory and forgetfulness are both active, and related to human will. Memory is a person’s desire to make sense of his or her past, or construct a â€Å"long chain of the will†. (Genealogy, Second Essay, Section 1) According to Nietzsche, evolution caused humans to yield memory from their will. Since people have the need to understand their past in a chronological way, they also want to predict and give structure to the future- the clichà © phras...

French Vocabulary Related to Soccer and the World Cup

French Vocabulary Related to Soccer and the World Cup Whether you love playing soccer or just watching games like the World Cup,   learn some French soccer terms so you can talk about the sport. Note that in the U.S., football refers to  football amà ©ricain. In most of the rest of the world, football is what Americans call soccer. French Soccer Vocabulary In French,  le  football  means soccer in English, and le foot translates as football. These and related terms are vital to know if you want to talk knowledgeably about soccer in French. Le football, le foot   soccer, footballLa Coupe du monde, le Mondial   World CupLe match game, matchLa pà ©riode halfLa mi-temps   halftimeLe temps rà ©glementaire regular time (the standard 90-minute game)es arrà ªts de jeu stoppage timeLa prolongation overtime People and Players When talking about football in French, its important to learn the French terms related to the game of soccer. Une à ©quipe teamLes Bleus  Ã‚  the Blues - French soccer teamUn footballeu  Ã‚  soccer/football playerUn joueur  Ã‚  playerUn gardien de but, goal  Ã‚  goalieUn dà ©fenseur  Ã‚  defenderUn libero  Ã‚  sweeperUn ailier  Ã‚  wingerUn avant, attaquant  Ã‚  forwardUn buteur  Ã‚  strikerUn meneur de jeu  Ã‚  playmakerUn remplaà §ant  Ã‚  substituteUn entraineur  Ã‚  coachUn arbitre  Ã‚  refereeUn juge/arbitre de touche   line judge, assistant referee Plays and Penalties Understanding soccer in French means learning the terms for plays and penalties that are an inevitable part of soccer. Un but  Ã‚  goalUn but contre son camp  Ã‚  own goalLe carton jaune  Ã‚  yellow cardLe carton rouge  Ã‚  red cardUn caviar  Ã‚  perfect passDes contestations / protestations  Ã‚  dissentUn corner  Ã‚  corner kickun coup franc, coup de pied arrà ªtà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  free kickUn coup franc direct / indirect  Ã‚  direct / indirect kickUn coup de tà ªte  Ã‚  head buttUne faute  Ã‚  foulUne faute de main  Ã‚  hand ballUne feinte  Ã‚  fake outUn grand pont  Ã‚  kick/pass around a players legsHors-jeu  Ã‚  offsideUn match nul  Ã‚  tie game, drawLe mur  Ã‚  the wallUne passe  Ã‚  passUn pà ©nalty  Ã‚  penalty kickUn petit pont  Ã‚  nutmeg, between-the-legs passLe point de pà ©nalty  Ã‚  penalty spotUne remise en jeu, une touche  Ã‚  throw inUne simulation  Ã‚  dive (fake fall)Six mà ¨tres  Ã‚  goal kickSorti  Ã‚  out of boundsLa surface de but  Ã‚  6-yard boxLa surface de rà ©paration  Ã‚  penalty boxUn tacle  Ã‚  tackleNe tà ªte  Ã‚  h eaderLa volà ©e  Ã‚  volley Equipment Equipment is a key part of French soccer, as these terms demonstrate. Le stade  Ã‚  stadiumLe terrain de jeu  Ã‚  playing field, pitchLe milieu du terrain  Ã‚  midfieldLe ballon de foot  Ã‚  soccer ball, footballLes crampons  Ã‚  cleatsLe filet  Ã‚  goal netLe maillot  Ã‚  uniform, kitLe piquet de corner  Ã‚  corner flagLe protà ¨ge-tibia  Ã‚  shin guardLe sifflet  Ã‚  whistle Verbs Soccer is a game of action, so verbs- action words- are an important part of the game. Amortir  Ã‚  to trap, controlBà ©tonner  Ã‚  to put up a strong defenseContrà ´ler le ballon  Ã‚  to control the ballDà ©border  Ã‚  to get past an opponentDribbler  Ã‚  to dribbleÊtre en position de hors-jeu  Ã‚  to be offsideExpulser  Ã‚  to send offFaire du chiquà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  to (take a) diveFaire une passe  Ã‚  to pass (the ball)Faire une tà ªte  Ã‚  to head (the ball)Faucher  Ã‚  to bring downFeinter  Ã‚  to fakeJouer la ligne de hors-jeu, jouer le hors-jeu  Ã‚  to set an offside trapMarquer (un but)  Ã‚  to score (a goal)Mener  Ã‚  to lead, be winningSauver un but/penalty  Ã‚  to save a goal/penaltyTirer  Ã‚  to shoot, kick