Structural-Functionalism and Conflict Theory

Theories in sociology provide us with different perspectives with which to view our social world. A perspective is simply a way of looking at the world. A theory is a set of interrelated propositions or principles designed to answer a question or explain a particular phenomenon; it provides us with a perspective. Sociological theories help us to explain and predict the social world in which we live. Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives: the structural-functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective. Each perspective offers a variety of explanations about the causes of and possible solutions for social problems (Rubington & Weinberg, 1995). Structural-Functionalist Perspective The structural-functionalist perspective is largely based on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to structural-functionalist, society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole. For example, each of the social institutions contributes important functions for society: family provides a context for reproducing, nurturing, and socializing children; education offers a way to transmit society's skills, knowledge, and culture to its youth; politics provides a means of governing members of society; economics provides for the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services; and religion provides moral guidance and an outlet for worship of a higher power. The structural-functionalist perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of society by focusing on how each part influences and is influenced by other parts. For example, the increase in single-parent and dual-earner families has contributed to the number of children who are failing in school because parents have become less available to supervise their children's homework. Due to changes in technology, colleges are offering more technical programs, and many adults are returning to school to learn new skills that are required in the workplace. The increasing number of women in the workforce has contributed to the formation of policies against sexual harassment and job discrimination. Consideration In viewing society as a set of interrelated parts, structural-functionalists also note that proposed solutions to a social problem may cause additional social problems. For example, racial imbalance in public schools led to forced integration, which in turn generated violence and increased hostility between the races. The use of plea bargaining was adopted as a means of dealing with overcrowded court dockets but resulted in â€Å"the revolving door of justice. Urban renewal projects often displaced residents and broke up community cohesion. Structural-functionalist use the terms â€Å"functional† and â€Å"dysfunctional† to describe the effects of social elements on society. Elements of society are functional if they contribute to social stability and dysfunctional if they disrupt social stability. Some aspects of society may be both functional and dysfunctional for society. For example, crime is dysfunctional in that it is associated with physical violence, loss of property, and fear. But, according to Durkheim and other functionalists, crime is also functional for society because it leads to heightened awareness of shared moral bonds and increased social cohesion. Sociologists have identified two types of functions: manifest and latent (Merton, 1968). Manifest functions are consequences that are intended and commonly recognized. Latent functions are consequences that are unintended and often hidden. For example, the manifest function of education is to transmit knowledge and skills to society's youth. ut public elementary schools also serve as baby-sitters for employed parents, and college offer a place for young adults to meet potential mates. The baby-sitting and mate selection functions are not the intended or commonly recognized functions of education–hence, they are latent functions. Structural-Functionalist Theories of Social Problems Two dominant theories of social problems grew out of the structural-functionalist perspective: social pathology and s ocial disorganization. Social Pathology According to the social pathology model, social problems result from some â€Å"sickness† in society. Just as the human body becomes ill when our systems, organs, and cells do not function normally, society becomes â€Å"ill† when its parts (i. e. , elements of the structure and culture) no longer perform properly. For example, problems such as crime, violence, poverty, and juvenile delinquency are often attributed to the breakdown of the family institution, the decline of the religious institution, and inadequacies in our economic, educational, and political institutions. Social â€Å"illness† also results when members of a society are not adequately socialized to adopt its norms and values. Persons who do not value honesty, for example, are prone to dishonesties of all sorts. Early theorists attributed the failure in socialization to â€Å"sick† people who could not be socialized. Later theorists recognized that failure in the socialization process stemmed from â€Å"sick† social conditions, not â€Å"sick† people. To prevent or solve social problems, members of society must receive proper socialization and moral education, which may be accomplished in the family, schools, churches, workplace, and/or through the media. Social Disorganization According to the social disorganization view of social problems, rapid social change disrupts the norms in a society. When norms become weak or are in conflict with each other, society is in a state of anomie or normlessness. Hence, people may steal, physically abuse their spouse or children, abuse drugs, rape or engage in other deviant behavior because the norms regarding their behaviors are weak or conflicting. According to this view, the solution to social problem lies in slowing the pace of social change and strengthening social norms. For example, although the use of alcohol by teenagers is considered a violation of a social norm in our society, this norm is weak. The media portray young people drinking alcohol, teenagers teach each other to drink alcohol and buy fake identification cards (IDs) to purchase alcohol, and parents model drinking behavior by having a few drinks after work or at a social event. Solutions to teenage drinking may involve strengthening norms against it through public education, restricting media depictions of youth and alcohol, imposing stronger sanctions against the use of fake IDs to purchase alcohol, and educating parents to model moderate and responsible drinking behavior. Conflict Perspective Whereas the structural-functionalist perspective views society as comprising different parts working together, the conflict perspective views society as comprising different groups and interests competing for power and resources. The conflict perspective explains various aspects of our social world by looking at which groups have power and benefit from a particular social arrangement. The origins of the conflict perspective can be traced to the classic works of Karl Marx. Marx suggested that all societies go through stages of economic development. As societies evolve from agricultural to industrial, concern over meeting survival needs is replaced by concern over making profit, the hallmark of a capitalist system. Industrialization leads to the development of two classes of people: the bourgeoisie, or the owners of the means of production (e. g. , factories, farms, businesses), and the proletariat, or the worker who earn wages. The division of society into two broad classes of people–the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have-nots†Ã¢â‚¬â€œis beneficial to the owners of the means of production. The workers, who may earn only subsistence wages, are denied access to the many resources available to the wealthy owners. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie use their power to control the institutions of society to their advantage. For example, Marx suggested that religion serves as an â€Å"opiate of the masses† in that it soothes the distress and suffering associated with the working-class lifestyle and focuses workers' attention on spirituality, God, and the afterlife rather than on such worldly concerns as living conditions. In essence, religion diverts the workers so that they concentrate on being rewarded in heaven for living a moral life rather than on questioning exploitation. Conflict Theories of Social Problems There are two general types of conflict theories of social problems: Marxist and non-Marxist. Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results from economic inequalities; non-Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results form competing values and interests among social groups. [Note: Non-Marxist theories are also referred to as neo-Marxist theories–â€Å"non† and â€Å"neo† are interchangeable. ] Marxist Conflict Theories According to contemporary Marxist theorists, social problems result from class inequality inherent in a capitalistic system. A system of â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have-nots† may be beneficial to the â€Å"haves† but often translate into poverty for the â€Å"have-nots. Many social problems, including physical and mental illness, low educational achievement, and crime are linked to poverty. In addition to creating an impoverished class of people, capitalism also encourages â€Å"corporate violence. † Corporate violence may be defined as actual harm and/or risk of harm inflicted on consumers, worker s, and the general public as a result of decisions by corporate executives or manages. Corporate violence may also result from corporate negligence, the quest for profits at any cost, and willful violation of health, safety, and environmental laws (Hills, 1987). Our profit-motivated economy encourages individuals who are otherwise good, kind, and law-abiding to knowingly participate in the manufacturing and marketing of defective brakes on American jets, fuel tanks on automobiles, and contraceptive devices (intrauterine devices [IUDs]). The profit motive has also caused individuals to sell defective medical devices, toxic pesticides, and contaminated foods to developing countries. Blumberg (1989) suggests that â€Å"in an economic system based exclusively on motives of self-interests and profit, such behavior is inevitable† (p. 06). Marxist conflict theories also focus on the problem of alienation, or powerlessness and meaninglessness in people's lives. In industrialized societies, workers often have little power or control over their jobs, which fosters a sense of powerlessness in their lives. The specialized nature of work requires workers to perform limited and repetitive tasks; as a result, the workers may come to feels that their lives are meaningless. Alienation is bred not only in the workplace, but also in the classroom. Students have little power over their education and often find the curriculum is not meaningful to their lives. Like poverty, alienation is linked to other social problems, such as low educational achievement, violence, and suicide. Marxist explanations of social problems imply that the solution lies in eliminating inequality among classes of people by creating a classless society. The nature of work must also change to avoid alienation. Finally, stronger controls must be applied to corporations to ensure that corporate decisions and practices are based on safety rather than profit considerations. Non-Marxist Conflict Theories Non-Marxist conflict theorists such as Ralf Dahrendorf are concerned with conflict that arise when groups have opposing values and interests. For example, antiabortion activists value the life of unborn embryos and fetuses; prochoice activists value the right of women to control their own body and reproductive decisions. These different value positions reflect different subjective interpretations of what constitutes a social problem. For antiabortionists, the availability of abortion is the social problem; for prochoice advocates, restrictions on abortion are the social problem. Sometimes the social problem is not the conflict itself, but rather the way that conflict is expressed. Even most prolife advocates agree that shooting doctors who perform abortions and blowing up abortion clinics constitute unnecessary violence and lack of respect for life. Value conflicts may occur between diverse categories of people, including nonwhites versus whites, heterosexuals versus homosexuals, young versus old, Democrats versus Republicans, and environmentalists versus industrialists. Solutions to the problems that are generated by competing values may involve ensuring that conflicting groups understand each other's views, resolving differences through negotiation or mediation, or agreeing to disagree. Ideally, solutions should be win-win; both conflicting groups are satisfied with the solution. However, outcomes of value conflicts are often influenced by power; the group with the most power may use its position to influence the outcome of value conflicts. For example, when Congress could not get all states to voluntarily increase the legal drinking age to 21, it threatened to withdraw federal highway funds from those that would not comply. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Both the structural-functionalist and the conflict perspectives are concerned with how broad aspects of society, such as institutions and large groups, influence the social world. This level of sociological analysis is called macro sociology: It looks at the â€Å"big picture† of society and suggests how social problems are affected at the institutional level. Micro sociology, another level of sociological analysis, is concerned with the social psychological dynamics of individuals interacting in small groups. Symbolic interactionism reflects the micro sociological perspective and was largely influenced by the work of early sociologists and philosophers such as Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, William Isaac Thomas, Erving Goffman, and Howard Becker. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes that human behavior is influenced by definitions and meanings that are created and maintained through symbolic interactions with others. Sociologist William Isaac Thomas ([1931] 1966) emphasized the importance of definitions and meanings in social behavior and its consequences. He suggested that humans respond to their definition of a situation rather than to the objective situation itself. Hence, Thomas noted that situations we define as real become real in their consequences. Symbolic interactionism also suggests that our identity or sense or self is shaped by social interaction. we develop our self-concept by observing how others interact with us and label us. By observing how others view us, we see a reflection of ourselves that Cooley calls the â€Å"looking glass self. Lastly, the symbolic interaction perspective has important implications for how social scientist conduct research. The German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) argued that in order to understand the individual and group behavior, social scientists must see the world from the eyes of that individual or group. Weber called this approach Verstehen, which in German means â€Å"empathy. † Verstehen implies that in conducting research, social scientists must try to understand others' view of reality and the subjective aspects of their experiences, including their symbols, values, attitudes, and beliefs. Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Social Problems A basic premise of symbolic interactionist theories of social problems is that a condition must be defined or recognized as a social problem in order for it to be a social problem. Based on this premise, Herbert Blumer (1971) suggested that social problems develop in stages. First, social problems pass through the stage of â€Å"societal recognition†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthe process by which a social problem, for example, drunk driving, is â€Å"born. † Second, â€Å"social legitimation† takes place when the social problem achieves recognition by the larger community, including the media, schools, and churches. As the visibility of traffic fatalities associated with alcohol increased, so the the legitimation of drunk driving as a social problem. The next stage in the development of a social problem involves â€Å"mobilization for action,† which occurs when individuals and groups, such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving, become concerned about how to respond to the social condition. This mobilization leads to the â€Å"development and implementation of an official plan† for dealing with the problem, involving, for example, highway checkpoints, lower legal blood-alcohol levels, and tougher drunk driving regulations. Blumer's stage development view of social problems is helpful in tracing the development of social problems. For example, although sexual harassment and date rape have occurred throughout this century, these issues did not begin to receive recognition as social problems until the 1970s. Social legitimation of these problems was achieved when high schools, colleges, churches, employers, and the media recognized their existence. Organized social groups mobilized to develop and implement plans to deal with these problems. For example, groups successfully lobbied for the enactment of laws against sexual harassment and the enforcement of sanctions against violators of these laws. Groups mobilized to provide educational seminars on date rate for high school and college students and to offer support services to victims of date rape. Some disagree with the symbolic interactionist view that social problems exist only if they are recognized. According to this view, individuals who were victims of date rape in the 1960s may be considered victims of a problem, even though date rape was not recognized at that time as a social problem. Labeling theory, a major symbolic interactionist theory of social problems, suggests that a social condition or group is viewed as problematic if it is labeled as such. According to labeling theory, resolving social problems sometimes involves changing the meanings and definitions that are attributed to people and situations. For example, as long as teenagers define drinking alcohol as â€Å"cool† and â€Å"fun,† they will continue to abuse alcohol.

Health and Safety Requirements and Hydrogen

Hydrogen production by methane-steam formation posses great challenges of hundreds of hazards related to its employees, as well, as machineries. The paper will try to identify and analyze different hazards and risks that are associated with the production of hydrogen element through methane steam formation. Moreover, the paper will present implications and measures for the safety of the machineries, as well as, employees working in these production facilities. In the methane storage, it has been observed that the storage tank often breaks up and cracks can be observed in the tank, which may expose methane steam resulting in the environmental risk. In this regard, an effective step that can overcome this problem is the designing of drainage systems can tolerate total capacity of the tank, which may reduce the leftover in the environment. Sometimes, storage tank of the methane catches up fire, which is a very dangerous hazard for the employees that are working in the surrounding environment, as well as, for the machineries and equipments that are built at the location. In this regard, designing of the tank should be created in such a way that fire exposure may be tolerated for at least two hours, which may allow the rescue and fire brigade services to overcome the fire problem. (NRC, pp. 40-42, 2003) Secondly, such production facilities should be employed with flame arrestor that may help in identifying flame at the beginning. Moreover, storage tanks must have double walls, which may result in avoidance of their cracking, as well as, avoid the risks of any fire in the tank. Thirdly, MSR Unit during the production of hydrogen with the help of methane steam forming confronts leakage of methane or water that reacts with the hot oil system built in the vaporizer. In the result, materials and equipments are damaged with the confrontation of methane with the hot oil, which may result in heavy losses of the equipments, and burning risks for the employees. In this regard, quantity of the water, as well as, methane should be checked at regular intervals. In addition, quality of these compounds should also be verified by the experts that may help in the reduction of such risk during the production of hydrogen. Lastly, atmosphere confronts leakage of different gases like H2, CO, CO2, etc. during the production of hydrogen, which may result in the exposure of toxicity with the employees and workers in the installation facilities. Some of the major hazards of these gases leakage are fire, burning, environmental hazards, health risks, etc. In this regard, the abovementioned is one of the most dangerous hazards that are linked with the production of hydrogen. In extreme cases, such leakages end up in explosions that may cause human lives. Such extreme cases have been noted in the plants that are built under a container. Therefore, it should be noted that segmentation valve should be built in isolation, and away from the other processes of the hydrogen production. Different equipments should be built for the detection of gases leakage, especially the CO leakage that plays the major role in the adverse effects. Furthermore, depressurization process should be performed at a faster pace, which may take less time, and result in the less risks. (ICE, pp. 23-25, 2006) During the hydrogen production by the reformation of methane, it has been observed that reformers are often exposed with ruptures due to the development of a hotspot in the tubes of reformers. One of the major reasons of development of a hotspot is the catalyst of reformer that is deactivated due to the poisoning by methane element. Such ruptures and breakages result in the damages of equipments, materials, and the environment. Such breakage is often observed in the production unit of such procedure. After the detailed analysis of safety requirements in such process, it has been observed that supplier of the methane should be provided with complete requirements of the compound in terms of its quality. Secondly, upstream reformer should be pre-reformed in this production unit, which may result in the reduction of chances of development of any hotspots in the reformers. (Johansson, pp. 56-58, 1993) Another risk that has been associated with the production of hydrogen with the methane steam formation is the leakage of flammable gases that causes human lives, as well as, damages of the equipments in the facilities. Such hazards become extreme when the plant is manufactured in the container, which results in the more adverse effects. In this regard, safety-related bodies have advised that equipments for the detection of gas leakages should be installed at the production plant. Such equipments help in the opening of ventilations during emergencies, as well as, close the segmentation valves automatically. Thus, these detection products play a crucial role in saving human lives and damage losses of the machineries. Secondly, it should be noted that segmentation valves are built outside the container, in order to acquire ventilation naturally, as it has been observed that the valves built inside the container are more vulnerable to the abovementioned hazards. Fletcher, pp. 68-70, 1998) Moreover, installation area should be cordoned off at the time of unloading of the methane from the truck, and only required personnel should stay at the location, which may result in the risk of less number of human lives. Furthermore, external impact can be avoided by the accurate designing of filling hose, which may result in the ad verse results. In addition, it should be taken into consideration that rupture valves should be checked on a regular basis. It should be noted that a warning system in case of any exposure should be evaluated by the production facilities at regular intervals. All these steps and measures can result in the reduction and elimination of hazards and risks that are associated with the production of hydrogen with the utilization of methane compound. During the production of hydrogen with the utilization of methane steam formation, the experiments have shown that when the storage tank is filled with methane, toxic heavy gas is exposed in the surroundings due to leak in the filling hose of methane compound. This leakage does not occur every time, but it poses great hazards for the employees working in this processing unit. It has been observed that employees working around these installations often end up in adverse health, and awful death in extreme cases. In this regard, some of the measures that can be taken for avoiding this hazard during the compound filling from the truck are that pressurized methane compound should be avoided at the time of its transportation, and refrigerated liquefied compound should be used that may poses less risk of any toxic exposure in the surroundings. (Vincoli, pp. 44-47, 1997) Sometimes, faults of valves or humans effects the ruptures in the pipe due to the pressure explosion during the production. Such effects results in the damages of equipments, as well as, workers that are employed in the surroundings. In this regard, appropriate material should be selected for the manufacturing of production plant, which may reduce the risks. Secondly, designing of the steam and cooler should be improved with the help of detailed analysis. Moreover, requirements of control system should be provided to the suppliers in details according to the regulations that may help in the effective production of hydrogen with fewer chances of hazardous risks. (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, pp. 55-57, 2001) Conclusion Conclusively, significant hazards and risks associated with the production of hydrogen by the utilization of methane steam formation have been identified, discussed, and analyzed in this paper. In addition, safety requirements that should be imposed against the discussed hazards have been provided in the paper. More information can be attained by performing detailed analysis of these risks. Some of the common hazards that have been noted in the hydrogen production through methane steam formation are gas leakages due to high pressures and different ruptures in the equipments and machineries. In this regard, manufacturers of the hydrogen-producing machineries confront great challenges in terms of the discussed hazards in this paper. Lastly, further research is required in the subject that may facilitate the hydrogen producers in overcoming and reduction of the hazards and risks associated with the production of hydrogen. It is hoped that the paper will be beneficial for students, teachers, and professionals in the better understanding of hazards associated with the hydrogen production through methane steam formation, as well as, safety requirements and implications that have been advised by the safety-related organizations.

Bipolar Disorder Essay Research Paper Bipolar DisorderThe

Bipolar Disorder Essay, Research Paper Bipolar Disorder The phenomenon of bipolar affectional upset has been a enigma since the sixteenth century. Bipolar upset or as the surrogate names, frenzied depressive unwellness or affectional bipolar upset can be classified as a temper upset characterized by temper swings from Manis ( overdone feeing of wellbeing ) to depression. History has shown that this affliction can look in about anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to hold had bipolar upset. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar upset ; nevertheless, despite the copiousness of people enduring from the it, we are still waiting for definite accounts for the causes and remedy. The one fact of which we are distressingly cognizant is that bipolar upset badly undermines its? victims ability to obtain and keep societal and occupational success. It is besides believed that the Li degree is what causes these temper swings. Because bipolar upset has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain argus-eyed in the pursuit for accounts of its causes and intervention. A smorgasborg of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes characterized by affectional upsets. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of unhappiness and desperation that can go feelings of hopelessness and weakness. Either the manic or the depressive episodes can rule and bring forth few temper swings or the spiels of temper swings my be cyclic. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, perturbations in slumber and appetency, psycomoter deceleration, loss of energy, feelings of ineptitude, guilt, trouble thought, indecisiveness, and perennial ideas of decease and self-destruction ( Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ) . Some of the other symptoms that may happen in the depressive phase can be besides fatigue that can last anyplace from hebdomads to months and a individual may non be cognizant of why this is really go oning. Daytime drowsiness can besides happen doing it difficult for a individual with this unwellness to keep down any kind of a occupation for a length of clip. Unintentional weightloss can do the physician go in a different way in this doing it hard for them in diagnosing because of all the possible symptoms that a individual may exhibit. A individual may besides hold some memory loss episodes or episodes of memory loss, traveling space for a periods of clip. They may non even be cognizant that they have a household to take attention of their occupati ons. The frenzied episodes are characterized by elevated or irratable temper, increased energy, decreased demand for slumber, hapless judgement and penetration, and frequently foolhardy or irresponsible behaviour ( Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ) . When a individual is in the frenzied statge they may go agitated which makes them more chatty than usual or they feel pressured to maintain speaking, they besides may contorting their custodies or restlessness because they feel unsure of the state of affairs that they are in and seem to hold merely utmost restlessness to them. They might look to hold put on rather a spot of weight and choler highly easy. Their fickle behaviour can do it difficult for their households to be around them. Finally forcing their households aside and the diagnosing is harder to acquire because of the deficiency of support from others and their behaviour is frequently so away. In this phase the sexual activity can be increased dramatically, doing the patient seek other people to be with if they are non fulfilled in their relationship at place. This can take to the break of the household unit. This disease is really serious and can impact anyone. Bipolar upset affects about one per centum of the population ( about three million people ) in the United States. Bipolar Disorder can impact both males and females and involves episodes of passion and depression.. Bipolar upset is diagnosed if an episode of passion occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or non ( Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11 ) . Persons with frenzied episodes most normally see a period of depression. The rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all involvement and deceleration or agitation ( Weisman, 1991 ) . As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association ( MDMDA ) has demonstrated, bipolar upset can make significant developmental holds, matrimonial and household breaks, occupational reverses, and fiscal catastrophes, loss of occupations and 1000000s of dollars in cost in society.As the patient ages or acquire older they report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequence. Many times bipolar provinces and psychotic provinces are misdiagnos ed as schizophrenic disorder. Particularly if the household history exhibits schizophrenic disorder or some other unwellness. Bipolar is most distinguished with households that have mental unwellness in their background and can happen most frequently in those scenes than in any other, although it can impact anyone. Speech patterns assist separate between the two upsets ( Lish, 1994 ) . The oncoming of Bipolar upset normally occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 old ages of age, with a 2nd extremum in the fortiess for adult females. A typical bipolar patient may see eight to ten episodes in their bipolar Disorder 3 life-time. However, those who have rapid cycling may see more episodes of passion and depression that win each other without a period of remittal ( DSM III-R ) . Rapid cycling agencies that their temper alterations several times a twenty-four hours. The three phases of passion Begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extrospective and self-asserting ( Hirschfeld,1995 ) . The hypomania province has led perceivers to experience that bipolar patients are addicted to their passion. Hypomania progresses into passion and the passage is marked by loss of judgement ( Hirschfeld, 1995 ) .Often, euphoric grandiose features are displayed, and paranoiac or cranky features begin to attest. The 3rd phase of passion is apparent when the patient experiences psychotic beliefs with frequently paranoid subjects. Address is by and large rapid and overactive behaviour manifests sometimes associated with force ( Hirschfeld, 1995 ) . When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same clip it is called a assorted episode. Those afflicted are a particular hazard because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiousness that makes them experience like they could leap out of their tegument ( Hirschfeld, 1995 ) . Up to 50 % of all patients with passions have a mixture of down tempers. Patients study experiencing distressed, down, and unhappy ; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with passion. Rapid cycling passion is another presentation of bipolar upset. Mania may be present with four or more distinguishable episodes within a 12 month period. There is now grounds to propose that sometimes rapid cycling may be a transeunt manifestation of the bipolar upset. This signifier of the disease exhibits more episodes of passion and depression than bipolar. Lithium has been the primary intervention of bipolar upset since Bipolar Disorder 4 it s debut in the 1960’s. It is chief map is to stabilise the cycling feature of bipolar upset. In four controlled surveies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar topics treated with Lithium was 78 % ( 1990 ) . Lithium is besides the primary drug used for long- term care of bipolar upset. In a bulk of bipolar patients, it lessens the continuance, frequence, and badness of the episodes of both mania and depression. Unfortunately, every bit many as 40 % of bipolar patients are either unresponsive to lithium or can non digest the side effects. Some of the side effects include thirst, weight addition, sickness, diarrhoea, and edema it may besides rise the suicide potency that is present with sustained depression. Patients who are unresponsive to lithium intervention are frequently those who experience distressed passion, assorted provinces, or rapid cycling bipolar upset. One of the jobs associated with Li is the fact the long-run Li intervention ha s been associated with reduced thyroid operation in patients. Preliminary grounds besides suggest that hypothyroidism may really take to rapid-cycling ( Bauer et al. , 1990 ) . Pregnant adult females experience another rporblem associated with the usage of Li. Its usage during gestation has been associated with birth defects, peculiarly Ebstein’s anomalousness. Based on current informations, the hazard of a kid with Ebstein’s anomaly being born to a female parent who took Li during her first trimester of gestation is about 1 in 8,000, or 2.5 times that of the general population ( Jacobson et al. , 1992 ) . There are other effectual interventions for bipolar upset that are used in instances where the patients can non digest Li or have been unresponsive to it in the yesteryear. The American Psychiatric Association # 8217 ; s guidelines suggest the following line of intervention to be Anticonvulsant drugs such as valproate and carbamazepine. These drugs are utile as antimanic agents, particularly in those patients with assorted provinces. Both of these medicines can be used in combination with Li or in combination with each other. Valproate is particularly helpful for patients who are lithium defiant, experience rapid-cycling, or have comorbid intoxicant or drug maltreatment. Major tranquilizers such as Haldol or Thorazine have besides been used to assist stabilise frenzied patients who are extremely agitated or psychotic. Use of these drugs is frequently necessary because the response to them are rapid, but there are hazards involved in their usage. Because of the frequently terrible side effects, Benzodiazepines are frequently used in their topographic point. Benzodiazepines can accomplish the same consequences as Neuroleptics for most patients in footings of rapid control of agitation and exhilaration, without the terrible side effects. Some physicians as intervention for bipolar upset have used antidepressants such as the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ( SSRI? s ) fluovamine and Elavil. A double-blind survey by M. Gasperini, F. Gatti, L. Bellini, R.Anniverno, and E. Smeraldi showed that fluvoxamine and Elavil are extremely effectual interventions for bipolar patients sing depressive episodes ( 1992 ) . This survey is controversial nevertheless, because conflicting research shows that SSRI? s and other antidepressants can really precipitate frenzied episodes. Most physicians can see the utility of antidepressants when used in Bipolar Disorder in concurrence with temper stabilising medicines such as Li. In add-on to the mentioned medical interventions of bipolar upset, there are several other options available to bipolar patients, most of which are used in concurrence with medical specialty. One such intervention is light therapy. One survey compared the response to light therapy of bipolar patients with that of unipolar patients. Patients were free of psychotropic and hypnotic medicines for at least one month before intervention. Bipolar patients in this survey showed an norm of 90.3 % betterment in their depressive symptoms, with no incidence of passion or hypomania. They all continued to utilize light therapy, and all showed a sustained positive response at a three month followup ( Hopkins and Gelenberg, 1994 ) . Another survey involved a four hebdomad intervention of bright forenoon visible radiation intervention for patients with seasonal affectional upset and bipolar patients. This survey found a statistically important decrease in depressive symptoms, with the maximal antidepressant consequence of visible radiation non being reached until hebdomad four ( Baur, Kurtz, Rubin, and Markus, 1994 ) . Hypomanic symptoms were experienced by 36 % of bipolar patients in thi s survey. Predominant hypomanic symptoms included rushing ideas, deceased slumber and crossness. Surprisingly, tierce of controls besides developed symptoms such as those mentioned above. Regardless of the account of the outgrowth of hypomanic symptoms in undiagnosed controls, it is apparent from this survey that light intervention may be associated with the ascertained symptoms. Based on the consequences, careful professional monitoring during light intervention is necessary, even for those without a history of major Bipoler Disorder. Another popular intervention for bipolar upset is electro-convulsive daze therapy. ECT is the preferable intervention for badly frenzied pregnant patients and patients who are murderous, psychotic, catatonic, medically compromised, or badly self-destructive. In one survey, research workers found marked betterment in 78 % of patients treated with ECT, compared to 62 % of patients treated merely with Li and 37 % of patients who received neither, ECT or Li ( Black et al. , 1987 ) . A concluding type of therapy is outpatient group psychotherapeutics. Dr. John Graves, interpreter for The National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association has called attending to the value of support groups, and challenged mental wellness professionals to take a more serious expression at group therapy for the bipolar population. Research shows that group engagement may assist increase Li conformity, lessening denial sing the unwellness, and increase consciousness of both external and internal emphasis factors taking to manic and depressive episodes. Group therapy for patients with bipolar upsets responds to the demand for support and support of medicine direction, and the demand for instruction and support for the interpersonal troubles that arise during the class of the upset. The bipolar upset can impact anyone at anytime. It is still ill-defined as to what and why this happens. Some physicians believe that the organic structures? chemical sometimes acquire out of whack and that the intervention of Li every bit good as the other drugs will assist battle the normal degrees in our organic structures. Whether we of all time fins a remedy or truly how this familial and emotional upset does come about, we all can hold that this does happen in households and most of the clip it affects adult females more so than that of the work forces. I think that is because adult females are so emotional to get down with and that AIDSs in the frenzied depression episodes. Hopefully scientist will go on to analyze and dissect this upset that affects so many people.

How does film in the U.S today influence people perception of Chinese Annotated Bibliography

How does film in the U.S today influence people perception of Chinese culture - Annotated Bibliography Example The article appears in the Journal of World History, a reputable publishing industry in communication, world history, and media studies, making it a reliable source. In addition, the information gathered is extracted from publish sources whose credibility is not in doubt. Furthermore, the research utilized critical analysis in the presentation of the secondary data collected in the research. This article served as a source of secondary data in research about how the Chinese society is viewed from the mirror of the American films. The insightful argument presented indicates that the claims and demonstration that are made about the Chinese culture in the Hollywood is a mere stereotype that has no cultural or traditional background. The author found out that the presentations made in the American films are for entertainment purposes and not a demonstration of the Chinese culture. The primary aim of this thesis was to de demystify racial and myths about the Chinese males in the Hollywood films that was directed towards assisting the American filmmakers and community from the prolonged stereotype about the Chinese people. The research identified the American perception of the Chinese culture on the role and behavior of the male Chinese residents through films in the American film industry. The data collected in this primary research was aimed at identifying the stereotypes of the Chinese male in the film industry from 1910. Notably, this is helpful in creating awareness about the exaggerated stereotypes about Chinese men being described as robbers and hooligans in the American films This article demonstrates a primary source of data on the stereotypes of Chinese men in the American films. Yu Feng considers that the demonstration of Chinese men as criminals is a stereotype that has been held by the American films. The data provided by Yu Feng has been verified by the College of Journalism and Communications at the University of Florida. Specifically,

It's a letter to waive toefl requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

It's a letter to waive toefl requirements - Essay Example During my freshmen and sophomore years, I took three of US college level English and scored straight A for those classes. The classes covered composition & reading EWRT1A, critical reading and writing EWRT 2, and reading, writing and research EWRT 1B. Furthermore, I have also voluntarily taken five intensive English classes during my junior and senior years at The Johns Hopkins University. These five classes are Business English Accuracy, Business, English business writing 1 and English business speaking 1. I am currently voluntarily pursuing English business writing 2 and English business speaking 2. In total, I have taken 8-US college level English Class. Furthermore, I can maintain with good standing grades at The Johns Hopkins University, which requires good English skills in class. All the courses that I have taken in my undergraduate studies have sharpened my English and prove that I am proficient in English. As stated on the website that I can waive for the Toefl test, I hereby express my desire to waive the Toefl

Management of Production and Operations Term Paper

Management of Production and Operations - Term Paper Example The paper explores the main quality assurance practices and their relevance in contemporary manufacturing facilities. Controversies over using popular quality assurance systems are discussed. Keywords: production, manufacturing, operations, quality assurance, ISO. Management of Production and Operations Quality assurance remains one of the most popular topics in production and operations management research. Sophisticated standards of quality and increased complexity of manufacturing operations render scientific approach to quality assurance valid and justified. Much has been written and said about the best and most desired practices in quality assurance. Yet, despite recent advancements in quality assurance systems, their benefits are at best controversial. It is widely acknowledged that the use of ISO systems by manufacturing enterprises adds weight to their corporate image and reputation. Such production organizations are believed to provide better quality of products and services , than their industry competitors. Unfortunately, the use of ISO quality assurance systems in production and operations does not ensure their functionality in particular organizational environments; as a result, firms must pay particular attention to how broadly accepted quality assurance practices affect their production operations and whether they meet customer expectations in terms of the quality of the ultimate product. Quality Assurance: Why, When, and How? How to define quality assurance is a complex question. However, it would be fair to assume that quality assurance in production and operations will be mostly the same as in other fields of management. According to the EU guidelines, quality assurance is â€Å"a wide-ranging concept which covers all matters which individually or collectively influence the quality of a product† (McCormick, 2002, p.27). Simply put, quality assurance is essentially about ensuring that the product meets the basic standards of quality. Qual ity assurance in production and operations is an efficient management tool that enhances the quality of organizational decisions (McCormick, 2002). In contractual situations, quality assurance systems give customers â€Å"a feeling of confidence in the quality of the ultimate product† (McCormick, 2002). Quality assurance is impossible without the availability of the entire complex system of quality assurance operations, which describe all steps to be taken to achieve the desired quality standards (McCormick, 2002). More often than not, manufacturing organizations run their own departments of quality assurance and control. However, even then, quality assurance is the process that involves all organizational members and not the only unit of QA professionals. All members of the manufacturing organization can affect the quality of the ultimate product; as a result, the organization in its entirety is responsible for the quality of its operations, leading to the development of a s uperior quality product (McCormick, 2002). It should be noted, that the history of quality assurance dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, rapid industrialization and expansion of industrial enterprises required the development of new, more sophisticated quality procedures. At that time, quality of products was defined as their fitness for purpose (Chitale & Gupta, 2007). Most quality assurance procedures were limited to quality control at the beginning and the end of the manufactur

History- Low Risk #8 The Crown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History- Low Risk #8 The Crown - Essay Example been made by the Indian company may be maintained at her authority’s pleasure, an indication that the Indians are subjects to the will of the colonial power. The Queen also views revolting Indians as enemies though she provides for qualified amnesty to those who wish to honor her authority. Her statement of protection of rights of the Indians and provisions for equal treatment for job opportunities however presents an appeal to the Indians that their welfare is of interest. The Queen therefore views the Indians as subjects who are slaves to her authority (Wason, p. 2, 3). The King Emperor however addresses the Indian people in a democratic tone. His speech identifies political freedom that the Indians are entitled to and which his authority wishes to grant. The king’s identification of successful initiatives by his authority towards peace, stability, and good governance that respect the will of the colonized territories means that the monarch values the Indians, not just as the colonized but also as a people who are entitled to good governance (Wason, p.

Answerthe question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answerthe question - Essay Example But can such issues bring about programmatic changes in Muslim societies? In the current context of a referendum on the issue of banning minarets, the media criticized it by proclaiming it â€Å"pure discrimination† by LA Times, â€Å"disgraceful† by New York Times, not paying any focus on the expression of the Muslim societies. In the fear that Muslims are trying to create a â€Å"parallel society† in Europe, the ban was voted that favor the demolition of minarets by 57 percent of the voters. Muslims didn’t react on the issue. Earlier eggs were thrown by the Muslims on Baroness Sayeeda Warsi, a leading Muslim politician in England. Such acts help in presenting a wrong image of the community. In the words of the Swiss Islamic scholar Ramadan, â€Å"Muslims have striven to remain hidden in order to avoid a clash. It would have been more useful to create new alliances with all these Swiss organizations and political parties that were clearly against the initiative† (Amanullah 2009). Not weighing much on Ramadan’s su ggestions to the Muslim community on the issue of banning minarets, important issues need to be attended, which are Muslim’s isolation from the democratic forces, their insistence on following traditions in the name of religion – traditions which are not relevant with the changing times. Muslims the world over should express their views on violence, terrorist attacks, women rights, democracy, and their relations with the West. The movie ‘Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think’ written jointly by Georgetown University professor John Esposito and Dalia Mogahed, Executive Director of the Gallup Center for Muslim Studies, raises issues like political liberty and freedom of speech that have come to the forefront to be explored and followed by the Muslim society to bring programmatic changes (Reef & Suhail 2009). Political liberty and freedom of speech are more demanding issues, as they are

Role of Allied Professional Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role of Allied Professional - Essay Example However, the pharmacist may refuse to honor such prescription, if in his or her own judgment as a professional pharmacist find that, honoring such prescription may result to total violation of the law. Secondly, the pharmacist may refuse to honor Doctor’s prescription if the drugs prescribed may jeopardize the life of a patient by creating an addiction. In addition, the pharmacist may refuse to honor such prescription if it violates the interest of a patient. Further, the pharmacist has a professional duty of exercising professional duty in ensuring the best interest of patient’s health. Pharmacist also a responsibility of providing counseling guidance to patients on the risk associated with the drug if it is not properly utilized (Buerki & Vottero, 2002). Based on this case it can be observed that the pharmacist observed some of those responsibilities as required by the law. For example, when the Plaintiff/ patient (Patrick McLaughlin) delivered the prescription from Doctor Edwards, the pharmacist (Kathy ODell and Craig Merrick) honored the prescription as ordered by the Doctor. However, he failed to exercise his responsibility by supplying more drugs to McLaughlin despite the fact that the records indicated that McLaughlin had consumed more propoxyphene drugs than required. Further, he failed to caution the patient of the health risk that could result if he consumes an overdose (Legal Inc, 2013). I agree with the court findings in favor of Hooks because, Hooks was not a direct causation of the injuries sustained by Patrick McLaughlin. In addition, Hooks was not attributed to McLaughlin attempts to commit suicide. Secondly, the pharmacists were within their line of professional duty by observing the prescription recommended by the Doctor. In addition, the case was decided based on the principle of Stare decisis. Whereby, the same precedent used in the previous cases was followed. For example, the ruling for this case made based

Edition Tata motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edition Tata motors - Essay Example It talks about its operational activities across the globe. Koontz, H. & Weihrich, H. 2006. Essentials Of Management. McGraw Hill- Some information regarding Daewoo Motors have been extracted from this book. The subtitle of the article is ‘International Case : Restructuring at Korea’s Daewoo. This is relevant as the essay talks about Tata Motor’s acquisition of Daewoo Motors. Onkvisit, S. & Shaw, J. J. 2004. International marketing: analysis and strategy (4th ed). London, UK: Routledge – This book talks about the international strategy adopted by several renowned organisations. Certain information such as export statistics are important to understand the strategy of Tata Motors to acquire Daewoo Motors. Sauvant, K. P. 2008. The rise of transnational corporations from emerging markets: Threat or opportunity? UK: Edward Elgar – This book talks about the globalisation and international economic transactions across borders. On page no 25 and 30, the auth or has talked about the strategy and turning point of the acquirer, Tata Motors. Philip, C. 2010. Small Wonder: The Authorised Story Of The Making Of The Nano. Bangalore, India: Westland – This book is all about Tata Motors reinforcing in Indian market with its ‘Nano’. This has also talked about the benefits of acquiring Daewoo Motors like entering into developed markets. Jeannet, J. & Hennessey, H. D. 2005. Global Marketing Strategies (6th ed). USA: Houghton Mifflin – This book also talks about the marketing strategies of global companies. On page no 587, the author has talked about the positive consequences of Tata Motor’s acquisition of Daewoo Motors. Khanna, T., Palpeu, G., K. & Bullock, J. R. June, 2009. House of Tata: Acquiring a Global Footprint. [Pdf]. Available at: http://docs.orijing.com/college/2010/ugba115/Reading/HouseofTataAcquiringaGlobalFootprint.pdf [Accessed on March 05, 2011] – This is also relevant site which talks about T ata Motors. On page no. 11, the author has discussed the tactical point of view of Tata Motors to acquire Daewoo. Even on page no 194, the author has talked about how this acquisition helped Tata Motors to capture a larger market share. Aswathappa. 2008. International Business. McGraw Hill – This book also talks about the international business of consolidation processes. On page 200, the author has talked about the strategies adopted by Tata Motors to optimally use its resources in the post acquisition period. Banerjee, B. 2010. Financial policy and management accounting (8th ed). New Delhi, India: PHI Publishing - This book talks about managerial policies in different companies and the theories. On page no. 175, the author has discussed how the deal has brought in green technology for Tata Motors. Bilham-Boult, A. 2001. People, places and themes (2nd ed). Oxford, UK: Heinemann – This book is on strategic management considering people, places and themes. On page no. 1 55, the author has discussed how the marketing and resource development of Daewoo has benefited the Tata Motors. Kadle, P.,P. June, 2007. Challenges in Mergers and Acquisitions -Tata Motors Case Study. [Pdf]. Available at: http://www.dnb.co.in/FESConfTool/Uploads%5CPresentations%5C85%5CMr.P.P.Kadle.pdf [Accessed on March 05, 2011] – This article talks about the challenges in the consolidation processes considering the case study of Tata Motors. On page no. 11, the author has talked about the increase in the market share due to the deal with Daewoo.

Systems Documentation Techniques Essay Example for Free

Systems Documentation Techniques Essay Question 1 1.Prepare flowcharting segments for each of the following operations: a)processing transactions stored on magnetic tape to update a master file stored on magnetic tape b)processing transactions stored on magnetic tape to update a database stored on a magnetic disk c)converting source documents to magnetic tape using a computer-based optical character reader (OCR) d)processing OCR documents online to update a database on magnetic disk e)reading data from a magnetic disk into the computer to be printed on a report f)using a computer or terminal to key data from source documents to a file stored on a magnetic disk g)manually sorting and filing invoices numerically h)using a terminal to enter source document data and send it to a remote location where an online processing system records it in a database stored on magnetic disk i)a scheduled automatic backup of an internal hard drive to an external hard drive j)using a terminal to query customer sales data maintained on a magnetic disk k)enter employee hours recorded on time cards in the payroll transaction  file maintained on disk and update wage data maintained on the payroll master file l)use a terminal to access a price list maintained on disk to complete a purchase order. An electronic copy of the purchase order is sent to the vendor and a backup copy is printed and filed by vendor name m)update an airline reservation on a Web-based airline reservation system from a home computer Question 2 The Happy Valley Utility Company uses turnaround documents in its computerized customer accounting system. Meter readers are provided with preprinted computer forms, each containing the account number, name, address and previous meter readings. Each form also contains a formatted area in which the customer’s current meter reading can be marked in pencil. After making their rounds, meter readers turn in batches of these documents to the computer data preparation department, where they are processed by a mark-sense document reader that transfers their contents to magnetic tape. This magnetic tape file is used as input for two computer runs. The first run sorts the transaction records on the tape into sequential order by customer account number. On the second run, the sorted transaction tape is processed against the customer master file, which is sorted on a magnetic disk. Second-run outputs are (1) a printed report listing summary information and any erroneous transactions detected by the computer and (2) customer bills printed in a special OCR-readable font. Bills are mailed and customers are requested to return the stub portion along with payment. Customer payments are received in the mailroom and checked for consistency against the returned remittance stubs. Checks are then sent to the cashier’s office. The mailroom provides the computer data preparation department with three sets of records: (1) stubs with compatible amounts, (2) stubs with differing amounts, and (3) a list of amounts received from customers,  without stubs. For the latter two types of records, data preparation personnel use a special off-line keying device to prepare corrected stubs. An OCR document reader reads all the stubs and sends the data to the company’s computer. The computer updates the customer master file to post the payment amounts. Two printed outputs from this second process are (1) reports listing erroneous transactions and summary information and (2) past-due customer balances. Required: a)Draw a system flowchart of the billing operations, commencing with the computer preparation of the meter reading forms and ending with the mailing of customer bills. b)Draw a system flowchart depicting customer payments processing, starting with the mailroom operations and ending with the two printed reports. a)Draw a system flowchart of the billing operations, commencing with the computer preparation of the meter reading forms and ending with the mailing of customer bills. b)Draw a system flowchart depicting customer payments processing, starting with the mailroom operations and ending with the two printed reports.

Web 2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages

Web 2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages Abstract: Web 2.0 can be described as different types of web applications which allow people to publish knowledge that they have created and also allow to share with other people as well as facilitating interoperability from any web application. This technology allows people to create, share, collaborate communicate. Web 2.0 does not require any technical skills to participate, This feature allows users to participate and use applications widely. For the last few years web 2.0 technologies are showing their clear impact on our world. Mainly these sites occupy lead role in terms of user density and also click density. The density of web 2.0 users is also getting increased day by day. So the means of communication between people and organizations changed from general print ads, television, radio, static websites etc to Web 2.0 applications. As we can target specific type of category, web 2.0 is the best way to communicate with people. So we can collaborate the whole process of communication like meetings, promotions, class rooms, support etc with web 2.0 applications. So organizations are trying to leverage on new web 2.0 technologies like Facebook, Secondlife, Youtube etc to improve their standards and also to get things done in fast manner. I have done research on how organizations leverage on new technologies to collaborate in every aspect of growth. I mainly focused on advertisement point of view as well as marketing point of view. I analyzed many web applications like Wikipedia, Slideshare, Youtube, Secondlife, facebook. Introduction: Background:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several organizations which are mainly operated by the people and for the people. Universities stand first in that position when compared to other fields like industries, factories etc. Here the world has been changing dramatically in such a way that people are seeking support from electronic world for their needs like to build new relationship, to gain knowledge and so on. Now internet has become the basic need for all people and it grabbed a reasonable amount of time from people. So universities now a days are planning to shift themselves partially or fully towards electronic world and collect attention of people to them selves for knowledge sharing. We are now in the age of using Web 2.0 technology where any one can communicate their opinions to any one. They really help us in communicating things to world in just fraction of seconds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digital natives in the above diagram means people with digital knowledge background. People who possess knowledge about digital applications like mobiles, internet, digital communication etc. Information is being shared between people who are aware of internet. This is already in the use from the start of internet and internet is used by people who know internet only. Internet Economics means economy that moves on internet through different applications. Internet economics is not very new for us and now a days businesses are completely dependant on internet and most of the large scale trading are been done using internet in digital format only, which can carry some benefits. This scenario helps in good in the faster growth of business. Read / Write Web means the common platform where we can read the information and at the same time we can write our own information. In general internet scenario we can either read or write like viewing a website or uploading a website. In classrooms also we can either find learning things while supervisor demonstrates. We can not demonstrate while we learn in such a way that we can add amendments immediately. But using this Read/write technology we can add amendments as per our thinking. Combination of digital natives, Internet economics and Read/Write web will lead to Web 2.0 technology. The best example for this is Ebay where we can sell our products (internet economics) by adding them into catalog and people can review them instantly(read/write web) and the site will be used by people who know internet in their computer or smart phones(digital natives) Web 2.0 can easily generate huge knowledgebase within fraction of seconds. That Knowledgebase is the combination of people, technology and process. Huge knowledgebase is being produced using the Read / Write web technology, with Internet Economics process by millions of people who are hands together. The huge database thus created will be helpful for millions of people again. Web 2.0 is a relationship between Many People -to-Many People. In this pattern it is quite common that content will get changed very frequently and also many visitors follow frequently updated content only. In that situation no one wants to look at websites which are updated by admin once for a week. People requirement for huge knowledgebase demanded for the development of web 2.0 applications and as usage of those applications have increased, people started searching for business within those applications. An example for that is Wikipedia. Wikipedia will be getting updated very frequently by millions of volunteers and also is getting updated. This is how we are using read / write technology to collaborate. 1.2 : Background and brief history of Web 2.0 in Universities : Web 2.0 in universities: Even though web 2.0 revolution has started few years back, web 2.0 implementation is not 100% done for 100% of universities. Universities are trying different technologies to leverage their businesses. Universities need to walk more steps ahead defeating the odds like un-implementation. Issues in Web 2.0 implementation in Universities: Rejection of change (like using new technology for teaching) is playing key role in the process of slow implementation of web 2.0 technology. Students, Lecturers have their fear of using new technology because of un-implementation only. Another factor for slow adoption of Web 2.0 system is no motivational force, which actually occurs when no body implements well and lack of exact correct information about things. People are much aware of Web 1.0 technology only and they are fear using Web 2.0, this is also a factor for non-implementation of Web 2.0 technology. People are confident in using old type of teaching and learning assuming that it is the correct process and web 2.0 will not suit for teaching and learning. That created impression that Web 2.0 is not suitable for teaching. Copyrighted problems are another problem of using web 2.0 technology. We can not digitalize things because of copyrighted issues. As web 2.0 stands for openness and networks, there is no security for copyrights. Universities are facing problem using web 2.0 in that aspect. Fear of culture aversion to innovation: Large institutions can not implement web 2.0 as a whole for the entire organization because of several factors like bureaucracy, governance, procedures for decision-making. So it needs a lot of creativity and high motivation for the implementation of web 2.0 application for institutional cause. Barriers to the use of Web 2.0 technology: Fear of facing criticism: Managers in the top level who are decision makers are fear about facing criticism about the procedure of web 2.0 technology. The main cause for that is they cant experiment with people changing traditional model of teaching and learning. Fear of Security: As we all know it Web 2.0 is meant for openness and any one can create profiles with any name(which are available) and they can scrap anything that they want. So as fresher for Web 2.0 technology, managers cant risk keeping security aspect away from mind. Suppose if any university starts using web 2.0 in any social community like secondlife Security is main aspect there where we can signup with any lecturer username (if he/she have not taken yet) and may guide students wrongly. These type of instances will fear managers not to implement things. Elements for a strategy of web 2.0 adoption in universities: The adoption of a web 2.0 approach to learning in universities is a complex process confronting important technological, managerial and human barriers. For these reasons the design of a set of objectives and a strategy accepted and promoted by the managers, especially those in charge of knowledge management, is absolutely needed. This first step requires in many cases radical cultural changes for people used to work and make decisions in a different scenario. Learning from Experiences: Since we are in the stage of experimenting with Web 2.0. We can not expect tremendous results from this but we can find a path to move through this system very fast. Following leads in inner organizations: When we find inner organizations, some people will be more interested in using new technology and some will not. So people who have interest in Web 2.0 learn faster than others and they can show the path to make others learn about new technology. This will allow system to implement new technology. Learning from industry: when we consider similar institutions, only few institutions will take initiation and they will adopt new technologies which will help them in gaining fast experiences than others. So organizations which did not perform any experiments on web 2.0 can learn things from already implemented organizations which is a quicker way for learning things with out failure. Open access and use of contents : The core advantage of Web 2.0 is openness and heavy availability of content to anyone. This allows creativity for the users and easy for finding things available with tagging. The information should be search engine friendly and this content should be easy to catch in search engines also. Design of institution as platform for knowledge sharing: This is main aspect in Web 2.0 technology. Institutions should allow users to post knowledge related information from both internal and external users of the organization platform. This allows users to show creativity and helps in finding new solutions for problems. This will also lower cost for innovation. The external development of web 2.0 tools would reduce considerably the costs of IT infrastructure and software. This will also help in fastening knowledge sharing. References: Freire, Juan (2008). Universities and Web 2.0: Institutional challenges. eLearning Papers N º 8. ISSN: 1887-1542 The adoption of a web 2.0 approach to learning in universities is a complex process confronting important technological, managerial and human barriers, and an adaptive strategy is needed that could be designed from previous experiences of educational, research and business organizations. This strategy could include the following lines: Learning from previous and on-going experiences, before developing a priori technology and protocols inside the institutions. Both lead users inside the organization and other organizations adopting web 2.0 tools and paradigms should be especially useful. Opening the access and use of contents. Web 2.0 is especially useful and creative when knowledge is digitized, modular and allowed to be used and distributed in a flexible way. Designing organizations as open platforms for knowledge creation and sharing, both among members of the internal community and with the participation of external users. References: Freire, Juan (2008). Universities and Web 2.0: Institutional challenges. eLearning Papers N º 8. ISSN: 1887-1542 Paul Anderson (Feb 2007) : JISC Technology and Standards Watch John Seely Brown and Richard P. Adler : Minds of Fire open education, the long tail, web 2.0 Web 2.0 Uses in universities: Research Questions: What is the significance of web 2.0 in universities? How universities are getting benefited from Web 2.0 technologies? How many universities are using web 2.0 to collaborate their classrooms? What are those? How many universities are using Facebook to communicate with students? How can use twitter to collaborate notice board? Can we use Youtube for video demonstrations? How universities are using Secondlife to conduct virtual classrooms? Is virtual classroom really beneficial for the student to learn? How blogs are helpful for universities? What is the use of Slideshare in the process of learning? Can we use web 2.0 applications in mobiles or PDAs? How can we leverage advertising programs to web 2.0? Summary: Chapter 1 presents the basic introduction and background of Web 2.0 technologies in which I explained briefly about Web 2.0. Research questions are also phrases in this chapter. This chapter will give better idea of web 2.0 technologies. Chapter 2 demonstrates about literature review in which the concept of Web 2.0 is explained clearly. I presented brief introduction about Facebook, Blogger, Youtube and other web 2.0 applications. Organizational uses of Computer mediated environments is an sub chapter included in the chaper 2 Chapter 3 gives an idea of different research methodologies where I presented different methods to do a research study. I also included survey with a Web 2.0 user and I resolved solution for my research study. Chapter 4 demonstrates findings like how web 2.0 is getting used by organizations. I concluded my research with chapter 5 with my opinions about Web 2.0 in Organizations. Literature Review: World before Web 2.0 : Before 2003, the world looked to be to be semi connected. We used to check static sites and emails on the internet. Even though we had emails and websites, the world looked to be semi connected. Assuming if we had started a business and update in our website, it used to get days to reach people about update as there was no proper network between people and the only connectivity between them is emails. In that situation, suppose if we want updated content, then it may take 1-2 weeks to get indexed by search engines and used to appear after a week time in search engines. There was no question of possibility to collaborate their businesses in those days. That was the problem of huge organizations and we can estimate small and middle level organizations about that. In that situation people used to depend on website administrators only for the site updates. In that the system is manual in such a way that, whole system used to depend on single or multiple persons for updating. No one knows when site will get updated and they need to check back for intimations. WEB 2.0 : Introduction : Web 2.0 is a set of economic, social, and technology trends that collectively form the basis for the next generation of the Internet—a more mature, distinctive medium characterized by user participation, openness, and network effects. (OReilly Radar) Web 2.0 has been described as an attitude not a technology by Davis (2005). We can call Web 2.0 as social revolution or social networking in which people will form a network of own interests and get intimations about them within seconds. In this way of social networking, any information could get pass with out delay. According to OReilly, Paul Graham and Dion HinchCliffe, who are WEB 2.0 creators. Web 2.0 is here and it is big; Architecture of Participation, the Network Effect (social network), and Harnessing the collective intelligence are fundamentally new and different from web 1.0; Web 2.0 is more about a paradigm shift in how people use the web, less about new technology. Web 2.0 is not based on a technology shift, but rather a usage Paradigm shift There are also people who argue Web 2.0 is functionally similar to Web 1.0 and there is have no difference. But we should agree the fact that people accepted Web 2.0 very well and are using in their daily routine. Fundamental Difference between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 is before 2003 we used to operate internet for websites and emails. The websites were been modified by the owners itself and people will not get any intimations for the modifications performed on that website. People must run an application in their client system to access anything. (like ms outlook for emails). That made things complex and people got bored of their non-participation. Revolution of social networking sites totally changed the way that people think. We need not install software in client system to access applications. Those applications will get installed in the server itself and can be accessible in any system using browser. Web 2.0 has changed entire world of communication and people started blogging and other networking , People who got waxed with non participation started social networking in their own way. Web 2.0 technologies like Youtube, myspace, facebook, flicker, blogs, RSS, Second life have came into limelight, People started creating their indentity in several web 2.0 websites and started growing their network with the help of communities. Web 2.0 has enlarged in such a way that major companies like google, Microsoft, yahoo started buying Web 2.0 sites like youtube, myspace for millions. Core advantage in collaborating businesses using Web 2.0 is a single line of publishing will blast information to thousands of people which lead to quic k updating and ultimately reaches goal of targeting people for sales as well as support. Limitations with Web 1.0 Technology: Web 1.0 was meant for the purpose of viewing HTML documents and file sharing (FTP). That was not pretty good for some important functionality like Interactivity: This is very important for web applications especially for dynamic web applications. We may need auto refresh content grabbed from database which will help people in getting updated content within seconds. As this type of interactivity is very important for applications and Web 1.0 got failed in this feature which supports click and page refresh only. One Way communication : Web 1.0 supports only single way communication as phone call system in such a way that client has to pull data from server if he wants and server wont push any data automatically with out client interaction. That might be good methodology and it did not suited us in viewing automated content. This type of communication has inspired for the development of AJAX, which is one of Web 2.0 technologies. Using AJAX we can initiate two way communication which actually works as client pull as well as server push. Lack of Data Reliability: Actually in business applications we need to send and get data safely from server to client and vice versa. There should not occur lose of packets which sends data from source to destination. So using web 1.0 technology there are some limitations which could not guarantee safe journey of packets from source to destination. Mobile browsing non supportability: Applications developed using Web 1.0 could not be loaded in mobile browsers (which is called WAP browsing). This is another limitation for Web 1.0 technology. Even though we need to go more ahead than Web 2.0 to utilize WAP services effectively, we have achieved a bit in case of Web 2.0 technology. (Using Web 2.0 technology also we could not achieve things like video upload etc, but we can view websites) Lack of support for Rich user experience : Web 1.0 will not support rich user experience and we need toi refresh every time to check the content. Say if we want to signup for email account, it used to take 5 minutes at least (as we did used to check username will server every time). Now if we want to signup it will not take more than a minute. Benefits of Web 2.0 Technology: Web 2.0 technologies is widely used in peer to peer networks, social networks, web blogs, forums etc. More benefits of Web 2.0 technologies are Acceleration: It accelerates the performance of web applications and could transfer data very fast from server to client system and the data will be very much reliable. Good User Interaction: Web 2.0 supports great user interaction in such a way that user could navigate through options very easily. Simple and great way of publicizing things: This could be achieved using Web 2.0 technology with the help of social networks, blogs, forums, Second life. Cheap way of advertising things: Generally if we want to advertise things on electronic media, it may cost several dollars, but when we use Web 2.0 technologies like web blogs, social networks we can reach thousands of people with just a dollar cost. Several solutions for single problem: We can find several solutions for single problem posted, which got posted in networking sites, web blogs etc. I tried learning ASP.NET few months back in that situation I got struck about initiation into programming. Then I used facebook, orkut communities for solution where I got at least 30 responses in 24 hours time from people who are anonymous to me. Easy way to collaborate business: Using Web 2.0 technology we can collaborate businesses which leads to finding new solutions. People can find solutions for the real life problems using virtual ways. Leveraging Business: We can leverage our business using these of web 2.0 tools like facebook, orkut, Second life. Main thing that leverages business will be instant messaging like RSS feeds. One of my friends got benefited in stock market because of RSS news where he gets every second updated news about listed companies in NASDAQ. Easy Online Presence: This is the revolution which is been showing impact in the development of web 2.0 technology. We are enjoying benefits of Web 2.0 technology in such a way that we can purchase things online using web hops such as ebay showcase etc. Is Web 2.0 an end for web development? : Absolutely NO Web 2.0 is not an end for Web development techniques. We do have many other things to be implemented on portable devices such as mobiles. They can be implemented in advanced technology of Web 2.0 only and we are assuming that to be Web 3.0 technology, let us wait until we got things more sophisticated. Mean while we can research for more Web 2.0 applications while will help businesses to collaborate them. Computer Mediated Environment (CMEs): What is CME: Different environment that are set about by computers is called computer mediated environments. In other words, if two computers are connected each other through a means of computer then it can be called as Computer Mediated Environment. General internet applications like emails, chats, social networks are examples for CMEs. Suppose a person in India is in contact with a person in United Kingdom through computers, then it can be called as Computer Mediated Environment. Here the media is computer so we are calling as computer mediated environment. Basic internet communication environment using applications like emails, chats can also be categorized into Computer Mediated Environment. Reference : Communications of the Association for Information Systems (Volume 15, 2005) 82-91 Impact of Web 2.0 on CMEs : Every system which are connected through systems are termed to be computer mediated environment. Also server to personal computer environment can also be stated as CME and websites can be categorized into that. With the adoption of web 2.0 technologies the nature of CMEs have entirely changed and people started using computer mediated environments as frequent as they can, which is the main reason of Web 2.0 revolution. People started using internet very well and so applications like mails, chat, video streaming etc. Web 2.0 got its importance in combining all the applications on a single platform. We have improved functionalities on a single platform in such a way that we can login into a website, email friends, chat with them with out using separate software installation, participate in community discussions, view videos, have conversation about my desertion project etc. All the above things can be handled with out need of separate account logins. This could be possible using web 2. 0 only. Thus Web 2.0 changed the way people deal with internet. Also Web 2.0 technologies made human to depend for any kind of solution. Facebook : Facebook is the social networking website which was started in the year 2004. Mark Zuckerberg is the Founder, who started his facebook empire in Massachussetts, USA. The head quarters is located in California, USA. More than 900 people are being employed in Facebook Inc. Main features of Facebook: Facebook is the social networking website where users are interconnected to each other on single platform. That platform is nothing but Facebook. Not only user to user connectivity, but also have organization to user connectivity, which helps in leveraging business techniques. Users need to signup with facebook in order to use services from facebook website. Organizations can also start their own groups to which they can send invitations to users and subscribed users will get updates from moderator of the particular group(or community). The above is most interesting factor about facebook and the most helpful thing for businesses and we shall discuss about this in our next chapter. In facebook there are other options like walls, where we can post our ads which will be displayed to other users. News feeds are also helpful for users in facebook, in which users will get automatic updates like profile changes, event updates from their friends. Facebook also prov ides image hosting, where we can get unlimited photos to host. Another option called tagging which will be available to tag(mark) things using keywords. This option will be most useful one to identify things quickly by other users. Many of the universities have their organizational groups in facebook (organizational groups are referred to as official groups) and friends group is referred to as student groups (these groups are been maintained by friends only for intercommunication). The main source of income for Facebook Inc is through banner ads and text ads. We can also send virtual gifts to other users. There is another option called chatting to chat with other users and poking option to poke users. Another important feature here in facebook is posting classified ads. Users can post classified ads in facebook for free of cost. This feature is very much useful for small businesses. Facebook started itself as simple graphical interface(only with text) and have grown to fully graphic al interface. About 11 months back, facebook started its profile linking with customized name like www.facebook.com/satishkakollu Facebook can also been viewed on other mobile devices also. Facebook has its own applications developed by its development team as well as voluntary contributors who contribute applications developed by their own. We can make some communication interfaces very ease using those applications. Facebook has their portal in different languages including Thai, Chinese, Punjabi, Telugu, Tamil and many more. Sources: Eldon, Eric. 2008 Growth Puts Facebook In Better Position to Make Money. VentureBeat. http://venturebeat.com/2008/12/18/2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money/. Facebook frowns on buddy-buyer company, By The New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/facebook_frowns_on_buddy_buyer_company_DixVGIpAnBGuoWCeMqt5QJ http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/10/zuckerberg-facebook-will-have-a-business-plan-in-three-years http://developers.facebook.com/news.php Second Life: Second life.com is a virtual world website developed by Linden Lab in the year 2003. This website is accessible through specific software called Second life viewer. Residents can explore, meet other residents, socialize, participate in the activities of individuals and groups, and create and trade virtual property and services to cope with, or running around the world, which residents call the grid. Second Life, people over 18 years old, and young people who for the second life 13 to 17 years of age. Features of Second Life : Second life can be viewed via Second life viewer software only. Users will be termed as residents and they will communicate with each other using customized avatars. Secondlife viewer will accept keyboard strokes only and we can fly from one region to another region using keyboard keys. There are several options like that and we can explore a lot of things using second life. Residents are of different types both free and paid. Now a days second life is charging $9.95 for paid members and comparing to free member it has advanced options. We can virtually reside in any place of the world which is the new concept of web 2.0. We can purchase things using Linden Dollar, this is the specialized currency in secondlife where we can purchase land ownership, islands etc. We can also purchase surname of the user, so that user can choose ours in the surname of their username as surname must be choosen from available username and business can purchase surnames to make th em available to students. There are many opportunities for innovation and profit in the world, Second Life, because in the real world. To open a shop, sell gadgets, become a land speculation, the choice is you can make. Many residents are part or all of their real life income second life business. We can find different types of environments in Second life, some of them are Dancer, Musician, Editor, Player, Landscape etc. We can join in that particular environment. Business in Second Life: We can do business in Second life like buying properties and maintaining our own organizations. We can maintain virtual classrooms and also can give presentations over there. Secondlife also helps in providing good market place for our businesses and many of the universities (mainly business schools and Top Companies) are already been there to satisfy their demand. I did observed companies like IBM having their virtual space there. Sources : https://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/User:Philip_Linden http://tleinsl.com/index.htm http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2009/03/million.html http://slurl.com/secondlife/Virtual%20Estonia/140/111/57/ Blogger: Blogger was started by Pyra Labs in August 1999 in San Francisco. Even though those days were boomed with dotcom revolution, they faced problems in getting them selves funded by venture capitalists. Using blogger, We can publish our voice for free and as simple as mailing, this is the core advantage of web 2.0 and in the previous case (in web 1.0 we must be aware of html code atleast to modify a website). With this the revoultion of easeness in web 2.0 technologies started. we can maintain our website for free of cost using blogger which comes with www.ourname.blogger.com (also www.ourname.blogspot.com after google purchased blogger). Simple user interface is the positive aspect for blogger.com where we can post our content using simple admin panel within seconds. We can use custom templates for our website. We can even upload our template to that website. We can easily make search engines to index our site easily. This is another core advantage of blogger and because of the same reason, many businesses have their blogs to communicate with people. Time stamping feature make blogger more popular, as user can know what is going on in those blog with time. Actually to upload photoes and videos to our website, it will take alot of coding work when we use web 1.0 but using blog

Albert Camus The Outsider Meursault

Albert Camus The Outsider Meursault Statement of intent: This assignment is based on Albert Camus The Outsider. One of the classic examples of an existentialist novel, The Outsider tells the story of an unremarkable man, living a simple, bachelor existence in Algeria. He is unmoved by his mothers death, and a day after begins a love affair with Marie Cordona. He soon after becomes involved in a violent murder and is placed on trial. Because of his refusal to lie and give in to societys demands (pretending to feel grief and remorse), he eventually condemns himself and is put to death. In this assignment I wish to convey Marie Cordonas feelings about Meursault and her view of his case. Marie is a simple, uncomplicated girl who enjoys life, appears to fall in love easily, wants to marry Meursault and live a normal life. Though she is slightly shocked when Meursault tells her that his mother died only a day before their meeting at the pool, she does not rethink spending time with him or watching a comedy with him. Like Meursault, Marie takes pleasure in physical contact; she often kisses him and enjoys the act of sex. However, Meursaults affection for Marie is purely physical while her affection for him evokes a deeper sentimental and emotional attachment. At first she doesnt understand Meursaults character and is taken aback by his indifference of love: She asked me if I loved her. I told her that it didnt mean anything but that I didnt think so. She looked sad. When Meursault expresses the same attitude towards marriage, again she is confused However, though she may be disappointed, she never considers ending the relationship or does not rethink her desire to marry him and indeed, throughout the novel I believe she starts to gain an acceptance of his behaviour, an understanding perhaps. Her attraction towards him seems, in fact, to stem from the fact that she is intrigued by his persona, his strange behavior seems to be part of his appeal for her She mumbled that I was peculiar, that that was probably why she loved me but that one day I might disgust her for the very same reason. Marie remains loyal to Meursault when he is arrested and put on trial, she visits him in prison and writes him letters and then testifies in his favor during the court case. She remains faithful and hopeful and imagines a life once Meursault is let out: she was still smilingshe shouted again, Youll get out and well get married! Marie never expresses appall or anger towards Meursault or his actions, she never doubts that he is an innocent man and that the crime he committed does not reflect his true self: Marie burst into tears and said it wasnt like thatshe knew me and I hadnt done anything wrong However, because Marie stays hopeful throughout, she never reaches the understanding Meursault attains at the end. While Meursault realizes and accepts the indifference of the universe, Marie never understands the redemptive value of abandoning hope, and her hope is therefore shattered when Meursault is eventually put to death. For the purpose of this assignment, it has been imagined that there were some sort of funeral proceedings after Meursaults execution. After all, though his strange behaviour remained a mystery to most that surrounded him, many did not judge him and accepted him as he was, knowing that, despite his actions he was not an evil man, nor did he have a criminal mind. By assuming that there were funeral proceedings, a situation is created where a eulogy from the perspective of one of the people of Meursaults close entourage wouldve been spoken out. Marie, having been intimately involved with him and having been one of those who observed and tried to analyse him, seems to be an appropriate choice for this task. A eulogy should be personal; it shares happy memories, tells anecdotes and describes the persons character. It also aims to express the values that were important to the deceased, highlights accomplishments and career or educational merits. The aim of this assignment is therefore to do this from Maries point of view, about Meursault. The eulogy: I once asked Meursault if he loved me. It doesnt mean anything he replied, but I dont think so. One would naturally feel offended by such a response, and I wasat first. But I soon came to understand that this was Meursault. This was Meursault in his all his splendor and it is for this peculiar nature of his that I believe I was attracted to him, loved him even. I first met Meursault when I was working as a typist in the office where he worked. He had always struck me as handsome young man, charming and somewhat mysterious. We had connected and enjoyed each others company. However it was short lived as I soon found a job elsewhere and left the company. I had not seen him for several months when we bumped into each other at the bathing station at the port It is true that I wouldnt have thought for a single moment that his mother had died only a day earlier; we spent a wonderful afternoon swimming and enjoying the sun together, I was happy, he was happy, and we just felt so comfortable around each other that we engaged in a relationship that very day. I was slightly taken aback when he told me his mother had died the day before, and it didnt seem natural that he would he take me out to see a Fernandel film after such an event, but I must admit that I had soon forgotten about it. After all we were both just two young people, enjoying an easy life, a life that, for Meursault, in spite of everything had not really changed. So why were we to deprive ourselves? Meursault was an intelligent man, though not ambitious. He valued his simple yet exotic life, over a wealthier career opportunity in Paris. He enjoyed the simple pleasures in life; lazing on the beach, swimming in the sea, going to cinemas It is always something I loved about spending time with him, I always felt carefree, relaxed, beautiful. I could always be myself around him, he never judged or complained. Ill miss our beach excursions, our romantic nights to the cinema, and our playful adventures in the sea. Meursault was uninterested in grieving death, proposing marriage, loving even. But he had a passion for something I believe to be much more admirable. Honesty was what I valued most in him. He was an honest man, purely and sometimes painfully, and maybe he did not love me in the conventional sense of the word, but he was in love with something much greater, something our society today seems to value less and less; Meursault was stubbornly yet admirably in love with truth. I still remember visiting him at the prison; I was so full of hope and blind determination that when it would all be over, we would be married, and we would go swimming again, we would enjoy life together. Maybe I thought the jury would be able to see the man he really was, the man I knew, and would spare him. Yes, he did kill a man. Yes, he never showed grief for his mothers death. But he was no murderer. He was a criminal only to our societys rules and codes of conduct. Is it wrong not to pretend grief? Not to pretend remorse? Love? In this conventional society yes; pretending and lying would have saved Meursault. But he was true to himself, he refused to be a hypocrite and pretend to emotions he did not feel and for that I believe he cannot be blamed. Unfortunately it is for that reason that he was condemned and that he is no longer here with us today. But I hope that all of you gathered here now, think of him like I do, not as a murderer, not as a criminal, but as a man who, without any heroic pretensions, agreed to give his life for the truth. And for this I believe he deserves our respect and admiration. Meursault, je taime.